To elaborate, for starters we have Avicenna (İbni Sina). He, building on al-Farabi's work proposed the difference and distinction of essence and being, which also translated into us humans. He theorised that if a human was seperated from his senses or his ability to sense his own being (wearing a blindfold, being suspended in the air etc.) Then the soul or essence would still persist, thus he believed these two concepts to be different which is very fundemental to a lot of theological and philosopical arguements since. On the other hand we have influential figures like Al-Ghazali who majorly influenced theological thought and theological philosophy not just in Islam but in Christianity too by inspiring men like Hume, Dante and Thomas Aquianas. He also integrated the concept of Aristotelian Logic into Islamic Philosophy which was a major stepping stone in the golden age of Islam.
The decline of the Islamic Golden Age can be attributed to several factors, including loss of prestige and wealth among many Muslim rulers (including the Caliph), increased warfare all across the region such as the Crusades and the Mongol Invasions (People dont tend to do philosophy while they are fighting) and also general stagnation among the "secular" (as in not bound to religion which even included some caliphs like Al-Mamun) rulers of the region. In my timeline there is generally less fighting (Even if the periods of fighting are bigger and more brutal), generally a lot more wealth in the region and also strong Secular (Turkish Nomad-turned Sultans tended to be less bound to act by religious values or laws since they were newcomers) rulers, whom will atleast look the other way in "heretical" thought or even sometimes actively encourage it. To put the cherry on top the massive House of Wisdom in Baghdad isnt destroyed, so certain ancient works that were lost to history wont be.
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Now, imagining alternate philosophy is already something very challanging, but let us try. These changes generally start in the first half of the 12th Century, I could see more rationalistic thought supporting and being supported by the ongoing golden age of Islamic Science. With the invention of basic banking and slightly more widespread usage of the printing press thanks to it that happens in my timeline, we could see a genuine Renaissance and Reformation equivelant. I am not vell wersed in the schools of thought during the Islamic Golden Age, but still a very interesting concept.
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Going into the modern era for a moment, this state or states will likely have similar societal values to modern day Turkish citizen in a developed part: Liber, left or right leaning, somewhat nationalist, close / overbearing family bonds, a non-romantic worldview to an extreme (Like most youth here look at stuff very bleakly, both in Turkey and in other countries). This could give rise to interesting stuff such as a Middle Eastern Anime Industry (I am not well wersed but i remember reading about how Japanese sudden economic boom and demilitarization of society WHILE other stronger bonds such as family and coworker taboos remained had a large impact in the animation style of Japanese Anime being prevelant. And all three places (Japan, Turkey and my alt-polity) have similar cultural perceptions, so if it has a developed animation industry i can see it being Anime. Also the thought is fun to imagine and toy around with.
On Linguistics, i have made this post:
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...f-a-united-levant.549310/page-3#post-24872811
This is about the alternative linguistic impact of this Turkish-ruled Arab state, with Kurdish and Coptic influences (And later on of course French English German etc.). It's mostly city names but the timeline is pretty new, i plan on expanding it further.