Just in Time- An Independent India Timeline

[LeonardWood6]

In the midst of January 14, 1761, an air of tension and desperation grips the Marathas as they muster their forces to break the siege at Panipat. They understand the immense stakes at play, realizing that victory is their only path to survival. The battle commences with a fierce clash between the Marathas and their Afghan adversaries. The Marathas display remarkable courage, but the Afghans' superior tactics begin to take a toll, and one Maratha soldier after another falls in the relentless combat.

The Maratha commander, recognizing the dire situation, issues a painful yet necessary retreat order (1). As the Marathas regroup, they find themselves at a critical juncture. With their supplies dwindling, they launch one final desperate attack, successfully capturing an Afghan camp along with a much-needed stockpile of food. This temporary respite buys them a bit more time, but the threat of starvation still looms large. In a last-ditch effort, the Maratha commanders send urgent pleas to the Jats and Sikhs, hoping for their intervention.

For the next four days, the Marathas wait anxiously for any sign of help, but their hope begins to wane as no response arrives. The prospect of defeat and annihilation weighs heavily on their minds, and they prepare for a final confrontation with the Afghans, determined to face their destiny head-on.

However, just as the final battle commences, a distant glimmer of hope appears on the horizon. The Marathas spot thousands of Jat and Sikh troops charging towards the Afghan lines (2). The momentum shifts dramatically as the reinforcements arrive. Within hours, the Afghans are defeated, and Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Abdali, orders a retreat back to Afghanistan.

With the Marathas significantly weakened from the arduous struggle, their Mughal adversaries still entrenched in Delhi, a new alliance emerges. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the resolute leader of the Sikhs, and Suraj Mal, the influential leader of the Jats, decide to unite their formidable armies. Over the course of several days, they embark on a relentless campaign towards Delhi. Together, they conquer the heart of Taqat-e-Hind while the Marathas shift their focus to restoring order and consolidating their position.

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(1): The first PoD
(2): The second PoD

 

[LeonardWood6]

Hello Everyone!

It's me LeonardWood6. I am back with another alternate history timeline.

This one is on India. In this timeline, India is independent, and will interact with the European powers in... many interesting ways. I decided on doing one on India because I feel there are not a whole lot of timelines on India on this website.

The PoD is that the Marathas win the Battle of Panipat with the help of the Sikhs and Jats.

By the way, I got inspiration from these timelines: Disaster at Leuthen, and the Independent Kingdom of Madagascar timeline on Reddit. I will be borrowing heavily from those (but not copying). Don't be surprised if some elements are similar.

Anyways, thanks for reading. Offer criticism if you think I f***ed up somewhere.

See y'all later

-LeonardWood6

 

[LeonardWood6]

In the wake of the united Sikh-Jat forces and the Marathas emerging victorious and retaining their respective domains, a complex geopolitical landscape takes shape in the Indian subcontinent. The Sikhs and Jats, with their newfound power and territorial gains, secure control over Eastern Punjab, Delhi, and Haryana. Meanwhile, the Marathas consolidate their core territories, maintaining sovereignty over Maharashtra, the Malwa region (Madhya Pradesh), and Gujarat.

Together, their combined forces set their sights on Rajasthan. The united armies of the Sikhs, Marathas, and Jats conquer Rajasthan, and the Marathas annex it into their expanding empire. Over the course of a year, both nations continue to strengthen their influence and control, taking advantage of Ahmad Shah Durrani's recovery in Peshawar.

In the west, the Marathas pressed onward, successfully annexing Sindh. At the same time, the Sikhs and Jats advance their territorial expansion, effectively securing Western Punjab and claiming additional lands up to the doorstep of Afghanistan. These aggressive campaigns reshape the western frontiers of India, setting the stage for potential new developments.

However, while the Marathas, Sikhs, and Jats focus their efforts to the west, significant changes are occurring in the east. The Zamindars of Oudh, emboldened by the collapse of the Mughal Empire and the shifting power dynamics, swiftly seized control of modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. They unite these territories to establish the Dominion of Oudh, a realm ruled by noble Zamindars, further complicating the regional landscape.

In the southern part of the subcontinent, the Kingdom of Mysore, led by the ambitious and formidable Hyder Ali, begins to rise as a major power. Hyder Ali becomes a central figure in the struggle for regional dominance, and his primary rival is the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyder Ali, and later his son Tipu Sultan, pursue an expansionist policy, conquering smaller Indian kingdoms such as Travancore.

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Thus sets the stage for some conflict with the Brits. Coming soon. Stay tuned.

 

[LeonardWood6]

In the early months of 1761, a shifting balance of power emerged in the Indian subcontinent, setting the stage for a remarkable series of events. The union of the Sikhs and Jats into the Kingdom of Punjab, the consolidation of Maratha power, and the establishment of the Dominion of Awadh caused changes, and these changes sent ripples throughout the region.

Clive's British-held Bengal, once a formidable presence, began to feel the mounting pressure from this united alliance of regional powers. The British government in Westminster, concerned about the shifting dynamics in India, decided to take more direct control over the East India Company. They increased their garrison and deployed additional troops to the region. Clive was tasked with expanding the British powerbase in the early 1760s, further escalating tensions.

The territory earmarked for expansion belonged to the Nizam of Hyderabad, Ali Khan Asaf Jah II. Employing their well-known tactics of trickery and intrigue, the British sought to pull the Nizam of Hyderabad into their sphere of influence. The Nizam was swayed through a combination of British gold, weaponry, and veiled threats, eventually granting the British access to the territory.

This move, however, was met with condemnation from the neighboring Kingdom of Mysore, led by the ambitious Hyder Ali. Hyder Ali perceived the British alliance with the Nizam as a direct threat to his kingdom's existence. Backed by the tacit support of the Marathas, he launched an attack on the British base at Arcot, successfully capturing the city. The British responded by declaring war in early 1767, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Mysore War.

The British found support in the Nizam, who pledged to fight against Mysore. Hyder Ali continued his campaign, heading southeast towards Pondicherry but hesitated to assault the city. The Nizam's invasion of Mysore made limited progress, prompting Hyder Ali to redirect his main forces north to confront the Nizam.

Early in 1768, British forces arrived and began advancing westward, landing in the west of Mysore. They launched a successful surprise attack on the city of Calicut. In June, the Nizam and Hyder Ali clashed at the Battle of Gutty, resulting in a victory for the Nizam. The rest of the year witnessed a series of inconsequential skirmishes. Hyder Ali remained reluctant to advance against the British due to the fear of the Marathas. He did not know what they'd do.

However, the situation took a decisive turn when the Marathas signaled their intention to back him. Hyder Ali marched east to confront the British, leading to the Battle of Gurramkonda in June 1769. The outcome favored the British, with the Mysore army retreating. Fearing the potential involvement of the Marathas and beset by disease and attrition, the British withdrew to Madras.

After another year of inconclusive fighting, the Treaty of Goa was signed in August of 1770, ending the war. The agreement did not result in territorial exchanges, but it compelled Mysore to recognize British influence over Hyderabad and its territories, effectively establishing Hyderabad as a British vassal state.

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The prelude to the next major conflict.

 

[LeonardWood6]

In Bengal, the influx of British rulers led to simmering resentment among the native population. The British leadership in Westminster was divided on how to address the growing tension. Charles Cornwallis advocated for a heavy-handed approach, while Thomas Wellesley favored accommodation. Ultimately, Cornwallis's approach prevailed, resulting in the tightening of British control over Bengal.

This authoritarian governance further fueled discontent. The sudden rise of land revenue taxes, together with drought, led to the catastrophic Great Bengal Famine of 1769-1770, which devastated Bengal and Bihar, causing immense suffering. Around ⅓ of the population, or about 10 million people, of those regions died of starvation, and millions fled to neighboring Oudh and the Marathas. This should have given the BEIC some pause. But instead, the Company raised the land tax to 60% in order to recompense themselves for the lost lives.

But this policy the BEIC implemented would soon backfire catastrophically. Already, there was an intense amount of resentment among the Indian population living there. It was especially the case among the mercantile elite of Bengal. They were resentful that they had no say whatsoever in the administration of Bengal. The Bengal Famine was simply the straw that broke the camel’s back. Whatever little support the British had among the native populace ended as soon as the famine hit.

In 1770, the mercantile elite, supported by the famine-stricken populace, revolted against the British. A revolution had begun. The famine had ignited the flames of revolt and insurrection in Bengal.

The Bengal Rebellion, also known as the Bengal War of Independence, began.

When the Rebellion began, it immediately gained the attention of the other Indian states. The Dominion of Oudh, seeking a friendly coastal state, and the Marathas, keen on removing British influence, dispatched their armies to support the Bengal rebels.

The British initially contained the joint Maratha-Oudh advance, but the sheer numerical advantage of their adversaries began to take its toll. The British hoped to stall their advance and make the war a stalemate.

However, two pivotal events would seal the fate of the British...

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And here we go!

Guess which two events it is. Whoever can guess either event, or both events, gets my congrats!

 

[Unknown]

Good start.

BTW, this belongs in the Before 1900 board, not the After 1900 board...

 

[LeonardWood6]

Good start.

Thanks. Glad to see you like it.

 

[Vishnustarlord]

Victorious maratha timeline, I love it

 

[LeonardWood6]

Hyder Ali of Mysore was observing what was going on to his north. The British were fighting and struggling to hold against the Maratha-Oudh-Rebel armies and were being overwhelmed by their numerical superiority.

Capitalizing on this, he declared war on Hyderabad in 1772, desiring to avenge the First Anglo-Mysore War.

From the beginning, it was a success. The Mysorean army had learned from their mistakes in the First War, and had considerably improved their strategy and tactics, as well as weaponry. Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan had devised a brilliant new strategy. It involved the use of iron-cased rockets. While they had used it in the past, those rockets were often not accurate, and the tactic had limited efficacy. But now, they had managed to make the rockets more accurate. And thus they exploited it to their fullest capacity.

The tactic was simple: the Mysoreans would launch probing attacks on the British/Hyderabad front lines, trying to find any weaknesses. When one was found, they would order a massive rocket bombardment of that section of the frontline, in order to throw the enemy into chaos and disorganization. Then, they'd launch an offensive to breakthrough in that weak section and surround and annihilate pockets of enemy troops. In many ways, it was a precursor to the tactics used in WW1: launch an artillery bombardment to "soften" up the enemy lines, then launch a full offensive to break through.

The Nizam's army, even with advanced British weaponry, could not defeat the Mysorean Army on their own. Every time the two armies met, Mysore crushed them. The British had to send troops to assist their vulnerable ally, preventing them from reinforcing Bengal. Even British troops had a rough time facing the Mysorean rockets. One British commander even commented "The howling sounds of the never sufficient damned to hell rockets is in my nightmares now."

The Nizam's army, as well as the British army was collapsing. But another event now fully sealed the fate of the British. It was one occurring halfway across the globe, in the New World.

The American Revolution

It diverted British resources and troops. This critical development ultimately allowed the Indian Alliance to succeed. After five years of conflict, the Rebellion concluded with Bengal winning its independence. In the south, the British's ally, the Nizam of Hyderabad, rapidly collapsed when British forces were withdrawn in 1775. The British were finally forced to the peace table.

The Treaty of Calcutta, signed in humiliating terms for the British, mandated the recognition of Bengal's independence and their withdrawal from the region. Mysore, having annexed Hyderabad, gained control over all of South India.

India was finally liberated from British control.

By 1783, the Indian subcontinent was divided into five distinct nations: the Republic of Punjab, the Maratha Federation, the Republic of Bengal, the Dominion of Awadh (formerly Oudh), and the Kingdom of Mysore. Each of these nations developed unique political landscapes, setting the stage for diverse and intriguing politics in the years to come.
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Like it so far? Please comment and let me know.

 

[LeonardWood6]

For the next few posts, I will be describing the government and society of each of the 5 nations in India. If you think something is not accurate, please let me know. On the contrary, if something is good, please like and comment.

 

[LeonardWood6]

The Maratha Federation, with its center in the vibrant city of Pune, was a multifaceted entity that emerged as the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent. Its power structure was characterized by a certain level of decentralization, although it was far from a perfect arrangement. After their conquest of Sindh, the Marathas initially attempted to use religious unity as a unifying factor for the region. However, this approach was fraught with challenges, given the diverse religious composition of Sindh, where Muslims formed a significant portion of the population while the Marathas themselves were predominantly Hindu. Tensions escalated after violent incidents, leading the Marathas to abandon the notion of religious unity in governance. Instead, they fostered a common regional "identity" to unite their diverse lands, allowing the Federation to function despite its inherent challenges.

A pivotal and enduring relationship was established between the Maratha Federation and Punjab, forged through their cooperation at the critical Battle of Panipat two decades earlier. This special bond would continue to strengthen over time, and it was one that Punjab was more than willing to reciprocate.

The Marathas, holding a position of prominence on the subcontinent, maintained a formidable army and navy. Their navy patrolled the Arabian Sea, often in collaboration with the Ottomans, with whom they enjoyed relatively cordial relations. The administration of the Marathas invested significant capital in the development of the Gujarat coastline. The city of Surat, in particular, became known as the "Antwerp of the East," attracting thousands of merchants from around the world. These merchants brought with them innovations and ideas from various corners of the globe, catalyzing the transformation of Gujarat into a trading powerhouse.

Maratha ports, including Surat and Goa, grew to become some of the largest and most bustling in India, facilitating the flow of wealth and trade from within the subcontinent and beyond. India's first bank, the Bank of Pune, was established in Pune and eventually expanded its reach, opening branches in major cities such as Calcutta, Lahore, Lucknow, and Kochi. The Surat Stock Exchange was inspired by Dutch traders and played a pivotal role in introducing Western corporate structures to the broader Indian economy.

While the Marathas didn't possess significant natural resources or engage extensively in manufacturing, their wealth burgeoned from trade with Europe and Asia. They effectively positioned themselves as a trading and financial powerhouse, influencing economic dynamics across the Indian subcontinent. The vast majority of India's wealth, for a time, flowed through the Maratha Federation, significantly enhancing their economic and political influence.

The Maratha Federation encompassed a diverse array of semi-autonomous regions. Maharashtra and Gujarat formed the heartland and core of the nation, while areas like Sindh, Rajasthan, and Malwa were further from the central administration and thus less directly ruled. Governance in the Federation was characterized by an authoritarian yet capable cadre of administrators, akin to the Qing administration in China. It operated as a meritocracy, where individuals were promoted based on their abilities and competence, contributing to the Federation's overall stability and continued growth.

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So that's the Maratha Federation. Does this sound accurate and realistic?

 

[LeonardWood6]

The Dominion of Awadh, in stark contrast to the Maratha Federation, had a distinct economic and social landscape. Awadh occupied a relatively small but densely populated region characterized by a unique set of circumstances. Here, the Zamindars, or feudal landowners, held sway, exerting control over the agricultural sector. With its vast and fertile lands, Awadh served as the nation's breadbasket, making it a critical agricultural region. However, its focus on agriculture did not translate into the production of high-value goods.

The region boasted major urban centers such as Lucknow, Agra, and Allahabad, which played pivotal roles in the Awadhi economy. Rather than engaging in extensive international trade, Awadh's economic activities were primarily geared towards domestic markets. The land was rich, but the region's economic focus was more on producing essential foodstuffs rather than luxury goods. Awadh's government was centered in Lucknow, overseeing a highly decentralized system comprising city-states and massive feudal estates.

In this arrangement, the capital city and its Raja held more symbolic importance than practical political control. Awadh's socio-economic structure was rooted in the dominance of the feudal class of landowners, overseeing agricultural production and land use. Despite its relatively underdeveloped state, Awadh had a close and interdependent relationship with Bengal. The region primarily exported its agricultural produce via Bengal's ports, sustaining a vital economic partnership. Additionally, Awadh generated substantial revenue from merchants traveling across India through its land routes, highlighting the region's role as a central transit point for trade within the subcontinent.

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Compared to other nations on the Subcontinent, Awadh is somewhat backwards. This is primarily because of it's agrarian economy, though it does have mineral resources.

 

[LeonardWood6]

The Republic of Punjab, with Lahore as its capital, represented a unique and democratic form of governance deeply influenced by Sikh principles and traditions. Inspired by the Sarbat Khalsa, a democratic convention held by Sikhs during times of war and crisis to vote on resolutions, Punjab embraced a republican model. In this system, each Misl, or Sikh confederacy, elected a representative to attend the Lahore Durbar, where they engaged in debates and discussions on governance matters. The leader of the Sikh nation, the Sardar, was also chosen through massive democratic conventions.

In 1782, following the passing of the esteemed Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the founder of the Punjab state, the people of United Punjab elected Akali Phula Singh as their leader. His selection marked a pivotal moment in the history of the Sikh Republic.

Punjab's economic structure, while rooted in agriculture like Awadh, differed significantly due to the land reforms implemented by Baba Banda Singh Bahadur (1). These reforms prevented the dominance of Zamindars and led to increased agricultural productivity. Moreover, Punjab pursued industrialization with great fervor. Initially driven by Akali Phula Singh's ambition to modernize the army, he recognized the broader benefits of industrialization, transforming Punjab into an industrialized nation.

The heavily militarized state was in a constant state of readiness due to ongoing conflicts on the Afghan frontier. The focus of industrialization was centered on the production of steel and other related products, with India being renowned for its high-quality steel production during this era (2).

Punjab's industrial ambitions led to a heavy dependence on key resources from other regions. Coal from Bengal's Dhanbad mines was crucial to fuel the industrial machine. Transport routes from Awadh played a pivotal role in moving goods and resources, while ports in Mumbai provided vital access for exporting iron and steel products to various destinations. This interconnected economic network reinforced Punjab's significance as an industrially vibrant and strategically vital state within the Indian subcontinent.

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(1): True story
(2): Also true. India did produce high-quality steel IRL.

Punjab is like the Japan of India in this world.

There are many who are admirers of Prussia too in Punjab. Punjab has a high amount of Prussophiles, and this will only increase as time goes on, so it will lead to some interesting developments...

 

[LeonardWood6]

The Republic of Bengal stood as a merchant-based and prosperous entity, although its governance often resembled more of an oligarchy. Bengal was an economic powerhouse, particularly renowned for its manufacturing sector. The region had a long history of shipbuilding and had maintained its status as the world's largest shipbuilder since the Mughal era. Drawing on European technology and high-quality Punjabi steel, Bengal made significant strides in shipbuilding, successfully experimenting with steel ships that found considerable success in both domestic and international markets.

In addition to shipbuilding, Bengal was also the global leader in textile manufacturing. The region boasted a vast and well-developed textile industry, producing an array of high-quality fabrics. These textiles contributed significantly to Bengal's prosperity, making it the "factory of India" for finished goods.

Bengal's economic importance and prowess cultivated strong and close relationships with nearly all the regions and nations of India. The government operated from the grand city of Calcutta, where administrative affairs were managed, and economic activities thrived.

As a merchant-based and industrially advanced republic, Bengal played a pivotal role in driving economic growth and trade within the Indian subcontinent, and its influence extended well beyond its borders.

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You can kind of think of Bengal as Venice... somewhat. It's not the most perfect comparison, but the two have many things in common.

 

[LeonardWood6]

The Kingdom of Mysore, having triumphed over its historical adversary, Hyderabad, emerged as a formidable and dynamic power in the Indian subcontinent. The kingdom's rapid transformation earned it the moniker "Tiger of India," reflecting its robust economic and industrial growth.

Mysore's traditional weaving economy, while historically significant, faced increasing challenges from global competition. In response, Mysore's leadership embarked on an ambitious agenda to modernize the nation's economic model. This period witnessed a remarkable wave of industrialization, driven in part by foreign investments. The infusion of capital led to a significant expansion of infrastructure and economic development, marking a period of profound change in the kingdom.

Urbanization was a central feature of Mysore's transformation. The city of Mysore itself underwent a remarkable expansion, growing to become a major urban center. The ruling Wadiyar dynasty, recognized as great patrons of the arts, contributed to the city's cultural renaissance and elegance. While promoting cultural endeavors, the Wadiyars also displayed pragmatism by modernizing the city with essential amenities and an efficient sanitation system, thereby facilitating its growth and development.

Mysore, with a population surpassing two million, emerged as the largest city within the kingdom. Other cities, including Madras, Calicut, Bangalore, and Pondicherry, also gained prominence as centers of economic and cultural significance.

Despite the remarkable legislative and economic progress witnessed during this transformative era, the Kingdom of Mysore continued to operate as an absolute monarchy, with the Wadiyar dynasty reigning over the kingdom. This period marked a remarkable chapter in the history of Mysore, characterized by rapid modernization, industrialization, and urban growth, all under the benevolent rule of the Wadiyar monarchs.

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This is Mysore in this world. They're also somewhat like Imperial Japan.

 

[LeonardWood6]

The early 1800s marked a period of unexpected peace among the five nations of India. However, this era was not devoid of the sweeping influence of Romantic Nationalism that was reverberating across Europe. Visionaries and thinkers within India began to dream of a "United India," and the seeds of Indian Nationalism began to take root. This movement bore the potential to unite people of diverse religions, cultures, and ethnicities under a common banner. Initially, leaders sought to suppress this rising tide of "United-Indian" nationalism, fearing its implications.

As time progressed and they observed the power of nationalism as a unifying force in Europe, Indian leaders recognized that they could harness it for their own benefit. Nationalism had the potential to consolidate their control over the Indian subcontinent, transcending the boundaries of individual nations.

In response to these developments and other events unfolding in Europe, representatives from each of the five nations embarked on a journey to attend the Bharat Mahasangh (Grand Assembly of India) in the newly reconstructed city of Delhi in 1816. This city had undergone a transformation orchestrated by the Punjabis, who demolished the old areas and rebuilt them in the European style.

This grand assembly came to be known as the Congress of Delhi, drawing parallels to the Congress of Vienna. The delegates included Maharaja Ranjit Singh, representing Punjab; the King of Mysore, representing the Kingdom of Mysore; Satyendranath Bose, a wealthy Bengali shipbuilder representing Bengal; the Zamindar of the Agra area, representing Awadh; and the Peshwa of Pune, representing the Marathas. In a historic agreement, all five nations united to form a confederation where each member would retain a significant degree of autonomy. The new confederation would be governed from a central command center in the city of Delhi, which Maharaja Ranjit Singh graciously handed over to the newly established confederal government. This model of governance, mirroring the structure that would later inspire the formation of the German Empire, aimed to create a more unified and cohesive Indian subcontinent under a shared vision of nationhood and governance.

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This is a major change from the usual quarreling among Indian kingdoms.

 

[Vishnustarlord]

Hyder Ali of Mysore was observing what was going on to his north. The British were fighting and struggling to hold against the Maratha-Oudh-Rebel armies and were being overwhelmed by their numerical superiority.

Capitalizing on this, he declared war on Hyderabad in 1772, desiring to avenge the First Anglo-Mysore War.

From the beginning, it was a success. The Mysorean army had learned from their mistakes in the First War, and had considerably improved their strategy and tactics, as well as weaponry. Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan had devised a brilliant new strategy. It involved the use of iron-cased rockets. While they had used it in the past, those rockets were often not accurate, and the tactic had limited efficacy. But now, they had managed to make the rockets more accurate. And thus they exploited it to their fullest capacity.

The tactic was simple: the Mysoreans would launch probing attacks on the British/Hyderabad front lines, trying to find any weaknesses. When one was found, they would order a massive rocket bombardment of that section of the frontline, in order to throw the enemy into chaos and disorganization. Then, they'd launch an offensive to breakthrough in that weak section and surround and annihilate pockets of enemy troops. In many ways, it was a precursor to the tactics used in WW1: launch an artillery bombardment to "soften" up the enemy lines, then launch a full offensive to break through.

The Nizam's army, even with advanced British weaponry, could not defeat the Mysorean Army on their own. Every time the two armies met, Mysore crushed them. The British had to send troops to assist their vulnerable ally, preventing them from reinforcing Bengal. Even British troops had a rough time facing the Mysorean rockets. One British commander even commented "The howling sounds of the never sufficient damned to hell rockets is in my nightmares now."

The Nizam's army, as well as the British army was collapsing. But another event now fully sealed the fate of the British. It was one occurring halfway across the globe, in the New World.

The American Revolution

It diverted British resources and troops. This critical development ultimately allowed the Indian Alliance to succeed. After five years of conflict, the Rebellion concluded with Bengal winning its independence. In the south, the British's ally, the Nizam of Hyderabad, rapidly collapsed when British forces were withdrawn in 1775. The British were finally forced to the peace table.

The Treaty of Calcutta, signed in humiliating terms for the British, mandated the recognition of Bengal's independence and their withdrawal from the region. Mysore, having annexed Hyderabad, gained control over all of South India.

India was finally liberated from British control.

By 1783, the Indian subcontinent was divided into five distinct nations: the Republic of Punjab, the Maratha Federation, the Republic of Bengal, the Dominion of Awadh (formerly Oudh), and the Kingdom of Mysore. Each of these nations developed unique political landscapes, setting the stage for diverse and intriguing politics in the years to come.
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Like it so far? Please comment and let me know.

Just a question, what has happened to travencore

 

[IsaacXII]

One question.... Who is leading the Marathas? The Bhosles or the Peshwas?

 

[LeonardWood6]

Just a question, what has happened to travencore

Mysore conquered it in the early 1760s.

 

[LeonardWood6]

One question.... Who is leading the Marathas? The Bhosles or the Peshwas?

Peshwas.