Before DC: National Comics and The Golden Age
Fanzine commemorating Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson
The Company that would become DC was founded as National Allied Publications in Autumn 1934 by Entrepeneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson. Its first published work was the tabloid-sized
New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1, later retitled More Fun Comics with a cover dated February 1935. The Superhero trend had not taken off yet and so the series was instead an anthology of original stories in an age where most comic books reprinted newspaper strips, this included Western and Adventure. The first character created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster was Doctor Occult in December 1935 within Issue 6 of
New Fun Comics. Arguably the first Superhero despite lacking a colorful costume, instead be an occult detective. More Comic Book lines would be launched with more serious tones such as
New Comics, the first issue being released in December 1935, which kicked off the
Adventure Comics series.
The final title released by Wheeler-Nicholson was
Detective Comics, which began in December 1936 but was delayed three months and released in 1937 instead. Like the others it was an anthology focusing on Detective Stories and is the longest running ongoing comic series. At the time the most notable character to exist in its pages was the hard hitting Detective Slam Bradley, who was created by the combined force of Malcolm-Wheeler-Nicholson, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. Problems arose in 1937, when the company owed a debt to Printing Plant owner and Magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld. Donenfeld also published pulp magazines and was a Principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News. As a result of owing him, Wheeler-Nicholson were forced to take Donenfeld on as a partner to get
Detective Comics No 1 off the ground. This was when the company Detective Comics, Inc was formed. The credited founders being Wheeler-Nicholson, and Donenfeld's accountant Jack S.Liebowitz. This resolved a money problem, which led to Major Wheeler Nicholson kicking Jack S.Liebowitz, with this motion, Detective Comics, Inc was dissolved and National Allied was set up in its place.
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster
In 1938, Max Gaines formed the sister company All-American Publications. National Allied also launched a new title with
Action Comics #1. For this comic, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster reworked an old story they had written called "Reign of the Superman" in which a scientist grants a man powerful psychic powers which he then uses to terrorize the world, killing the scientist only to discover his powers were only temporary and return to being an unknown normal man. The reworking instead concerned Superman, who as a baby was sent to Earth from the planet Krypton prior to the planet's destruction(unlike OTL, Jor-El and Lara are glimpsed here for the first time rather than years later). He was then raised by an elderly couple known as the Kents, who name him Clark Kent. As an adult, Clark Kent dons the costume of Superman to fight crime while maintaining a secret identity and falling in love with reporter Lois Lane, who from the very beginning suspects he is Superman, not falling for his obvious disguise but struggles to prove it. Superman is credited with being the first Superhero, with the costume and secret identity aspect established. Others argue that Doctor Occult should be considered, or even earlier examples such as the french Nyctalope, or the Scarlet Pimpernel. One of the disputed contenders for the title ironically shared a spot with Superman in
Action Comics #1. Lee Falk, famous for his creation of Mandrake the Magician in 1934 and The Phantom in 1936 had left his comfortable nest egg at William Randolph Hearst's King Syndicate and moved to work for National Allied. He brought Mandrake the Magician and the Phantom with him. Mandrake was given a spot in
Action Comics #1(This action butterflies away Giovanni Zatara, known in mainstream Comics as the Father of Magician Superhero Zatanna, by providing a Magician Character already in existence but still provides a chance for Zatanna to exist thanks to Mandrake's inclusion). The Phantom meanwhile was thrown into Detective Comics.
Action Comics #1
Action Comics #1 also included the Texas born adventurer Tex Thompson, created by Ken Finch and Bernard Baily. With these additional properties,
Action Comics #1 was a massive hit(more so than OTL thanks to Mandrake the Magician, a pre-established character, making his National Allied Debut and people checking in to see how different if any the stories are compared to King's Syndicate). Despite costing 10 cents at release, copies of
Action Comics #1 are now worth millions of dollars, making it one of the most expensive and valuable comics of all time.
Detective Comics #20 premiered in October 1938. National Allied had been given the rights to create a Comic Book series out of the Green Hornet Radio Show. This issue marked the Green Hornet's Comic Debut(OTL the first Green Hornet Comics were published by Helnit Comics and attributed to Frans Striker, serving largely as adaptations of the radio stories. Here with National Allied the Comic Series will be much more successful. This also butterflies away the creation of the Crimson Avenger, who bares many similarities to the Green Hornet).
In Action Comics #6 from November 1938, An unnamed Office Boy later retconned into being Jimmy Olsen is introduced by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster.
Detective Comics #27
Batman first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in March 1939. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, Batman was depicted as a Bat themed vigilante who beat down criminals(unlike OTL he does not kill them in his first appearance and does not use guns, similar to Superman, who also does not kill). Many iconic elements of Batman were established in his first appearance. He is seen in a Cave, driving a Bat themed Cark and catching criminals wearing a Batsuit. The point of view character is Police Commissioner James Gordon, who is tasked with discovering the identity of the Batman. He interviews Billionaire Bruce Wayne during his investigation but is convinced it is not him. Gordon and the Batman both go after criminals, tracking down a mob boss named Jack Napier to a chemical plant, where despite Batman's attempt to save him, he falls into a vat of chemicals. Batman and Gordon talk briefly before Batman leaves. Batman's identity and history is then revealed to the reader. When Bruce Wayne was young his parents were murdered before his eyes. He then devoted himself to training to fight crime and catch his parent's killer. He tried going out in street clothes to fight crime but was badly beaten. Returning home, he saw a Bat fly through his window and took it as a sign, donning the costumed identity of the Batman.
In April 1939, All American Publications released its first Comic Series
All American Comics.
Superman became the First Superhero to get his own Comic Book Series rather than be featured in an anthology. A Newspaper Strip was also launched.
In Action Comics No. 13(June 1939) The first supervillain is introduced in the form of the Ultra-Humanite. Ultra-Humanite is Bill Dunn, the character from Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's
The Reign of the Superman. After losing his powers he now seeks a way to bring them back. He's retained an enhanced intelligence but has been paralyzed, using his intelligence to combat Superman.
In Detective Comics #29(July 1939), Batman's Utility Belt is fully introduced in a story by Gardner Fox.
First Issue of Wonder Comics
In August 1939, National Allied Publishing's rival , Fox Feature Syndicate founded by Victor S. Fox, decided to get into Comics. He set up his office in the same building as National Allied Publishing and founded Fox Feature Syndicate. He then released a Superhero of his own in The Blue Beetle. The Blue Beetle was an archeologist named Dan Garrett, who found a mystical scarab in Egypt that granted him super powers. Will Eisner was contacted by Fox and drew the first issue of Wonder Comics, which introduced Wonder Man. Wonder Man was secretly radio engineer Fred Carson, who worked for the International Broadcasting Corporation. While in Tibet and surviving a crash, an old monk gave Carson a ring with magical abilities that were almost exactly like those of Superman. In his first issue he travels to the war torn nation of Tatonia and defeats Dictator General Attila and stops a war. He then rescues his boss's daughter, a Red Cross nurse named Brenda, who becomes his girlfriend.
National Allied Publications noticed the similarities between Wonder Man and Superman and sued Fox Feature Syndicate for Copyright infringement. The case was brought to court as
National Allied Publications v. Bruns Publications, Inc.
In Action Comics #16(September 1939), Superman's Home city of Metropolis was first named, which helped to distinguish it from Wonder Man being active in New York.
In Detective Comics #31(September 1939), The Batarang, the Batplane, and a love interest for Batman in the form of Julie Madison were all introduced.
In November 1939. The Superman newspaper strip first named the Newspaper Clark Kent works at the Daily Planet(Never named the Daily Star ITTL).
Fawcett Comics emerged as DC's original main competitor in 1939.
Superman and Batman met for the first time in a story depicting the two teaming up at the Metropolis World's Fair to defeat a villain known as the Phantom of the Fair, later revealed to be Superman's archenemy the Ultra-Humanite.
National vs Fawcett
The Trial of
National Allied Publications v. Bruns Publications, Inc. was underway in 1940. An excerpt from the trial:
"Each publication portrays a man of miraculous strength and speed called "Superman" in "Action Comics" and "Wonderman" in the magazine of Bruns. The attributes and antics of "Superman" and "Wonderman" are closely similar. Each at times conceals his strength beneath ordinary clothing but after removing his cloak stands revealed in full panoply in a skintight acrobatic costume. The only real difference between them is that "Superman" wears a blue uniform and "Wonderman" a red one. Each is termed the champion of the oppressed. Each is shown running toward a full moon "off into the night", and each is shown crushing a gun in his powerful hands. "Superman" is pictured as stopping a bullet with his person and "Wonderman" as arresting and throwing back shells. Each is depicted as shot at by three men, yet as wholly impervious to the missiles that strike him. "Superman" is shown as leaping over a twenty story building, and "Wonderman" as leaping from building to building. "Superman" and "Wonderman" are each endowed with sufficient strength to rip open a steel door. Each is described as being the strongest man in the world and each as battling against "evil and injustice."
In the aftermath of the trial, new rules regarding Copyright and Parody were established. Fox paid a large fine, but Wonder Man had reached a level of popularity thanks to the trial. The stories were required to be wholly original and not be caught tracing art from the Superman stories or risk being forced to be dropped. Blue Beetle and Wonder Man remained mainstays of Fox Comics. National Allied Publications also sued Fawcett Comics over their character of Master Man, who bore similar powers to Superman, including Superstrength, Superspeed, and flight. This lawsuit, due to the earlier rules set out by Copyright and Parody, went nowhere. Master Man would ultimately be dropped when the US entered the War due to fear he may have been promoting Nazi ideologies unintentionally given he claimed to be from a Master Race and was blonde haired and blue eyed. This would come full circle with the character later being repurposed as a Nazi Supervillain posing as a Superhero.
After several critics mocked National Allied Publications by abbreviating their initials as NAP, using this to claim their books were of dull quality and mock them during the trial, the company changed its name to National Comics Publications in 1946. Despite the name change, people had begun to refer to National Comics as "DC" due to the success of Detective Comics. The Company by now had multiple rivals emerging such as Fawcett Comics, Quality Comics, Charlton Comics, Fox Comics and, to a lesser extent, Timely Comics. A new company emerged led by none other than Max Gaines and Liebowitz. The two had started their own comic company to compete with National Comic in the form EC, or Entertaining Comics. In the late 1940's, facing competition and angered by the their failed effort to get Wonder Man, a blatant ripoff in their eyes, cancelled, National Comics became aggressive towards what it perceived as copyright violations. This culminated in a lawsuit towards Fawcett Comics over the character of Captain Marvel. Captain Marvel was a child granted the power by the wizard Shazam to turn into an adult Superhero. Captain Marvel was hugely profitable for Fawcett, being the first Superhero adapted into Film in 1941's
The Adventures of Captain Marvel and by 1940 was the most popular Superhero in the country and sold the most issues. Fawcett had created an entire line of spinoff characters whom Captain Marvel had granted the powers of Shazam to such as Captain Marvel Jr, Mary Marvel, Uncle Marvel(ITTL, Mary Batson's actual uncle), and Hoppy the Marvel Bunny. Elements of the Captain Marvel stories had gone into the Superman stories and this was used against National Comics, including a bald nemesis in Lex Luthor, which Captain Marvel had done first in Dr.Sivana, and stories focused on Superboy, which were paralleled by the adventures of Captain Marvel Jr.
National Comics sent multiple ceased and desist orders to Fawcett but nothing happened and they filed a lawsuit. Republic Pictures was listed as Co-Defendant due to demands that they withhold the release of
The Adventures of Captain Marvel, which were ignored. At the trial(Occurring earlier than OTL in the early 40's, meaning Captain Marvel is at the height of its popularity), National Comics presented over a binder of over pages in length showcasing Superman performing heroic feats and then panels of Captain Marvel doing the same event at a later date, Fawcett provided examples fo Captain Marvel doing the feats earlier than Superman and by providing examples of earlier heroes like Popeye and Tarzan doing the same thing. Fawcett employees were brought in and testified as well. However, what determined the trial was the a pending lawsuit from Superman creators from Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, who were fighting for the rights to the character of Superman, since Superman's rights were involved, the cases were folded together. Siegel and Shuster were given custody of Superman and asked about their opinion on Captain Marvel. The trial was decided in Fawcett's (Captain Marvel's) favor because of information Fawcett's lawyers had uncovered about Superman's copyright status. The defense lawyers provided evidence that National Comics and the McClure Syndicate failed to copyright several of their
Superman newspaper comic strips, and the trial judge decided that National had abandoned its Superman copyright such that it was no longer valid. Fawcett had won the lawsuit and would survive into the new age.
Panel from Mad Magazine strip parodying the National Comics/Fawcett Trial(Yes I know Fawcett Comics Survives already used this panel in much the same way. This is the last time this will happen I assure you).
Due to the lawsuit, National Comics took a major risk and approved the 1940 Siegel and Shuster story,
The K-Metal from Krypton(A story rejected by the editors OTL which would have forever changed the Superman mythos while also adding elements introduced later in canon such as Kryptonite). The story was approved because National Comics wanted to differentiate itself more from Captain Marvel and the elements it had copied. Superman was depowered by a passing Meteorite made out of K metal(TTL's Kryptonite). Superman suddenly becoming weaker led to the Superhero discovering he was an alien(which he himself was not aware of at this time, believing himself to be a human born with extraordinary abilities). The readers however were aware of this as his origin was told to the audience and that he was sent to Earth as a baby and his parents deceased by his adulthood. He was also introduced to K Metal proper by a scientist, who revealed the element granted ordinary men extraordinary abilities. In the story, the scientist demonstrates this by lifting his desk with one hand, in addition to weakening Superman. Clark Kent and Lois Lane are trapped in a cave by criminals. Just then the Meteor passes and Clark's powers return. He now sees no choice but to reveal his identity as Superman and does so, as well as saving Lois. Lois proposes she work as his partner now that she knows. Superman decided to do away with his Clark Kent identity permanently.
While the meteor passed, it was later revealed pieces had fallen to Earth, providing the new element of K Metal as a constant threat. Lois took more of a sidekick role, aiding Superman when she could. The story sent ripples through the comic book world. The Secret Identity was now far more optional and the trope of the love interest not knowing a Hero's true identity outdated.
Superman reveals his identity to Lois Lane, The K Metal from Krypton, 1940, Reprint
Going into the years of the War, National Comics released several new Heroes within this period. Many of which were grouped together in the Justice Society of America, which by mandate was required to have Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman as members in every issue(OTL Wonder Woman was a secretary and Superman and Batman were largely kept out). Together these heroes were depicted fighting Nazis and later the Japanese. However, due to many Japanese-Americans signing up to combat the Japanese Empire, propaganda against them was toned down, Japanese caricatures were more subdued and propaganda focused on avenging the attack on Pearl Harbor such as "Remember Remember the 7th of December".
Wonder Woman was a feminist Icon at the time, though admittedly created by William Marston, who often included aspects of his own fetishes into his creation, and as such there was a great deal of bondage in the early works. Marston was also the inventor of the lie detector, hence the choice of Wonder Woman's Lasso of Truth. As the series went on it gained more feminist elements as well as more science Fiction elements. Marston and his artist Murchison wrote a finale for the series in 1947 which brought back Wonder Woman's old villains, including Hypnota and the slavers of Saturn and a plot to start a war between Saturn and Earth which would see Slavery be abolished on Saturn. This was the last thing Marston wrote before his death.
By the late 1940's, the popularity of Superheroes began to fade and National Comics shifted to focusing on Science Fiction, Western, humor, crime and Romance. National Comics also dived into Horror, which was tame compared to their competitors, allowing them to avoid the backlash against other Horror Comics at the time. Their competitor Entertaining Comics, known for their Horror, shifted to Humor. The result was their longest living title
Mad Magazine, which delighted in taking pot shots at their old enemy, mocking the Superman and Captain Marvel controversy in their first issue. National Comics was able to survive the 50's, unlike most companies.
Action Comics and
Detective Comics, the longest running titles, would survive, as would Superman(thanks in part to the success of
The Adventures of Superman), Batman, Wonder Woman and a few others. Nearing the 60's, it was decided that a shake up was needed, starting with the company's name. It was already being called Detective Comics from both the staff and the fans. Why not make it official? And so DC was officially born.